Tactile
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KAIST Develops Customized Tactile Sensor That Can Detect Light Breath, Pressure and Sound
< Photo 1. (From left) Professor Inkyu Park of KAIST Department of Mechanical Engineering (ME), Dr. Jungrak Choi of ETRI, Ph.D. Candidate Donho Lee and M.S. Graduate Chankyu Han of KAIST ME >
When a robot grabs an object or a medical device detects a pulse, the tactile sensor is the technology that senses pressure like a fingertip. Existing sensors had disadvantages, such as slow responses or declining accuracy after repeated use, but Korean researchers have succeeded in developing a sensor that can quickly and accurately detect even light breath, pressure, and sound. This sensor can be used across a broad range — from everyday movements to medical diagnostics.
KAIST (represented by President Kwang Hyung Lee) announced on the 23rd of June that Professor Inkyu Park’s team from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, through a collaborative research project with the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI, President Seung Chan Bang ) under the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST, Chairman Young Sik Kim), has developed an innovative technology that overcomes the structural limitations of existing tactile sensors.
The core of this joint research is the implementation of a customized tactile sensor that simultaneously achieves flexibility, precision, and repeatable durability by applying Thermoformed 3D Electronics (T3DE).
< Figure 1. Comparative evaluation of soft elastomer–based 3D structure versus thermoforming-based 3D structure in terms of mechanical properties. >
In particular, soft elastomer-based sensors (rubber, silicone, etc. — materials that stretch and return to their original shape) have structural problems such as slow response times, high hysteresis*, and creep**, but this new platform operates precisely in diverse environments and overcomes these limitations.
*Hysteresis: A phenomenon where the previously applied force or change is retained like a “memory,” so that the same stimulus does not always produce the same result.
**Creep: The phenomenon where a material slowly deforms when a force is continuously applied.
T3DE sensors are manufactured by precisely forming electrodes on a 2D film, then thermoforming them into a 3D structure under heat and pressure. Specifically, the top electrodes and supporting pillar structures of the sensor are designed to allow the fine-tuning of the mechanical properties for different purposes. By adjusting microstructural parameters — such as the thickness, length, and number of support pillars — the sensor’s Young’s modulus* can be tuned across a broad range of 10 Pa to 1 MPa. This matches the stiffness of biological tissues like skin, muscle, and tendons, making them highly suitable as bio-interface sensors.
*Young’s modulus: An index representing a material's stiffness; this research can control this index to match various biological tissues.
The newly developed T3DE sensor uses air as a dielectric material to reduce power consumption and demonstrates outstanding performance in sensitivity, response time, thermal stability, and repeatable accuracy.
Experimental results showed that the sensor achieved △sensitivity of 5,884 kPa⁻¹, △response time of 0.1 ms (less than one-thousandth of a second), △hysteresis of less than 0.5%, and maintained a repeatable precision of 99.9% or higher even after 5,000 repeated measurements.
< Figure 2. Graphic Overview of thermoformed 3D electronics (T3DE) >
The research team also constructed a high-resolution 40×70 array, comprising a total of 2,800 densely packed sensors, to visualize the pressure distribution on the sole of the foot in real time during exercise and confirmed the possibility of using the sensor for wrist pulse measurement to assess vascular health. Furthermore, successful results were also achieved in sound-detection experiments at a level comparable to commercial acoustic sensors. In short, the sensor can precisely and quickly measure foot pressure, pulse, and sound, allowing it to be applied in areas such as sports, health, and sound sensing.
The T3DE technology was also applied to an augmented-reality(AR)-based surgical training system. By adjusting the stiffness of each sensor element to match that of biological tissues, the system provided real-time visual and tactile feedback according to the pressure applied during surgical incisions. It also offered real-time warnings if an incision was too deep or approached a risky area, making it a promising technology for enhancing immersion and accuracy in medical training.
KAIST Professor Inkyu Park stated, “Because this sensor can be precisely tuned from the design stage and operates reliably across diverse environments, it can be used not only in everyday life, but also in a variety of fields such as healthcare, rehabilitation, and virtual reality.”
The research was co-led as first authors by Dr. Jungrak Choi of ETRI, KAIST master’s student Chankyu Han, and Ph.D. candidate Donho Lee, under the overall guidance of Professor Inkyu Park. The research results were published in the May 2025 issue of ‘Science Advances’ and introduced to the global research community through the journal’s official SNS channels (Facebook, Twitter).
※ Thesis Title: Thermoforming 2D films into 3D electronics for high-performance, customizable tactile sensing
※ DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adv0057
< Figure 3. The introduction of the study on the official SNS posting by Science Advances >
This research was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the National Research Foundation of Korea, and the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology.
2025.06.23 View 170 -
No More Touch Issues on Rainy Days! KAIST Develops Human-Like Tactile Sensor
Recent advancements in robotics have enabled machines to handle delicate objects like eggs with precision, thanks to highly integrated pressure sensors that provide detailed tactile feedback. However, even the most advanced robots struggle to accurately detect pressure in complex environments involving water, bending, or electromagnetic interference. A research team at KAIST has successfully developed a pressure sensor that operates stably without external interference, even on wet surfaces like a smartphone screen covered in water, achieving human-level tactile sensitivity.
KAIST (represented by President Kwang Hyung Lee) announced on the 10th of March that a research team led by Professor Jun-Bo Yoon from the School of Electrical Engineering has developed a high-resolution pressure sensor that remains unaffected by external interference such as "ghost touches" caused by moisture on touchscreens.
Capacitive pressure sensors, widely used in touch systems due to their simple structure and durability, are essential components of human-machine interface (HMI) technologies in smartphones, wearable devices, and robots. However, they are prone to malfunctions caused by water droplets, electromagnetic interference, and curves.
To address these issues, the research team investigated the root causes of interference in capacitive pressure sensors. They identified that the "fringe field" generated at the sensor’s edges is particularly susceptible to external disturbances.
The researchers concluded that, to fundamentally resolve this issue, suppressing the fringe field was necessary. Through theoretical analysis, they determined that reducing the electrode spacing to the nanometer scale could effectively minimize the fringe field to below a few percent.
Utilizing proprietary micro/nanofabrication techniques, the team developed a nanogap pressure sensor with an electrode spacing of 900 nanometers (nm). This newly developed sensor reliably detected pressure regardless of the material exerting force and remained unaffected by bending or electromagnetic interference.
Furthermore, the team successfully implemented an artificial tactile system utilizing the developed sensor’s characteristics. Human skin contains specialized pressure receptors called Merkel’s disks. To artificially mimic them, the exclusive detection of pressure was necessary, but hadn’t been achieved by conventional sensors.
Professor Yoon’s research team overcame these challenges, developing a sensor achieving a density comparable to Merkel’s discs and enabling wireless, high-precision pressure sensing.
To explore potential applications, the researcher also developed a force touch pad system, demonstrating its ability to capture pressure magnitude and distribution with high resolution and without interference.
Professor Yoon stated, “Our nanogap pressure sensor operates reliably even in rainy conditions or sweaty environments, eliminating common touch malfunctions. We believe this innovation will significantly enhance everyday user experiences.”
He added, “This technology has the potential to revolutionize various fields, including precision tactile sensors for robotics, medical wearable devices, and next-generation augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) interfaces.”
The study was led by Jae-Soon Yang (Ph.D.), Myung-Kun Chung (Ph.D. candidate), and Jae-Young Yoo (Assistant Professor at Sungkyunkwan University, a KAIST Ph.D. graduate). The research findings were published in Nature Communications on February 27, 2025. (Paper title: “Interference-Free Nanogap Pressure Sensor Array with High Spatial Resolution for Wireless Human-Machine Interface Applications”, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-57232-8)
This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea’s Mid-Career Researcher Program and Leading Research Center Support Program.
2025.03.14 View 3254 -
Highly Deformable Piezoelectric Nanotruss for Tactile Electronics
With the importance of non-contact environments growing due to COVID-19, tactile electronic devices using haptic technology are gaining traction as new mediums of communication.
Haptic technology is being applied in a wide array of fields such as robotics or interactive displays. haptic gloves are being used for augmented information communication technology. Efficient piezoelectric materials that can convert various mechanical stimuli into electrical signals and vice versa are a prerequisite for advancing high-performing haptic technology.
A research team led by Professor Seungbum Hong confirmed the potential of tactile devices by developing ceramic piezoelectric materials that are three times more deformable. For the fabrication of highly deformable nanomaterials, the research team built a zinc oxide hollow nanostructure using proximity field nanopatterning and atomic layered deposition. The piezoelectric coefficient was measured to be approximately 9.2 pm/V and the nanopillar compression test showed an elastic strain limit of approximately 10%, which is more than three times greater than that of the bulk zinc oxide one.
Piezoelectric ceramics have a high piezoelectric coefficient with a low elastic strain limit, whereas the opposite is true for piezoelectric polymers. Therefore, it has been very challenging to obtain good performance in both high piezoelectric coefficients as well as high elastic strain limits. To break the elastic limit of piezoelectric ceramics, the research team introduced a 3D truss-like hollow nanostructure with nanometer-scale thin walls.
According to the Griffith criterion, the fracture strength of a material is inversely proportional to the square root of the preexisting flaw size. However, a large flaw is less likely to occur in a small structure, which, in turn, enhances the strength of the material. Therefore, implementing the form of a 3D truss-like hollow nanostructure with nanometer-scale thin walls can extend the elastic limit of the material. Furthermore, a monolithic 3D structure can withstand large strains in all directions while simultaneously preventing the loss from the bottleneck. Previously, the fracture property of piezoelectric ceramic materials was difficult to control, owing to the large variance in crack sizes. However, the research team structurally limited the crack sizes to manage the fracture properties.
Professor Hong’s results demonstrate the potential for the development of highly deformable ceramic piezoelectric materials by improving the elastic limit using a 3D hollow nanostructure. Since zinc oxide has a relatively low piezoelectric coefficient compared to other piezoelectric ceramic materials, applying the proposed structure to such components promised better results in terms of the piezoelectric activity.
“With the advent of the non-contact era, the importance of emotional communication is increasing. Through the development of novel tactile interaction technologies, in addition to the current visual and auditory communication, mankind will enter a new era where they can communicate with anyone using all five senses regardless of location as if they are with them in person,” Professor Hong said.
“While additional research must be conducted to realize the application of the proposed designs for haptic enhancement devices, this study holds high value in that it resolves one of the most challenging issues in the use of piezoelectric ceramics, specifically opening new possibilities for their application by overcoming their mechanical constraints.
The research was reported in Nano Energy and supported by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Korea Research Foundation, and the KAIST Global Singularity Research Project.
-Profile: Professor Seungbum Hong
seungbum@kaist.ac.kr
http://mii.kaist.ac.kr/
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
KAIST
2021.02.02 View 12083 -
Korean Researchers Develop Skin-Like Tactile Sensor
THE KOREA TIMES2005.1.31(Mon)
A South Korean scientific research center said Sunday that it has developed a tactile sensor capable of functioning like human skin.
The left picture shows the letters of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) caught through a tactile sensor functioning like human skin and the right picture is its enlarged image. Scientists from KAIST developed the precision tactile sensor with 1-millimeter spatial resolution.
The tactile sensor is made of polydimethylsiloxane, a synthetic rubber, and has a 1-millimeter spatial resolution capability, the Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST) said.
``Many tactile sensors have been developed so far, but ours has the highest spatial resolution capability, flexibility, softness and extensibility,’’ said Lee Hyung-kyu, who led the development project.
Late last year, the University of Tokyo unveiled a tactile sensor with a spatial resolution capability of 2 millimeters.
Lee said his team will announce the results of their research at an international conference on micro-electro-mechanical systems, to be held early next month in the U.S. city of Miami.
The new sensor is widely expected to lay the foundation for coating humanoids such as South Korea"s HUBO or Japan"s ASIMO with artificial skin.
HUBO is a humanoid robot recently developed by KAIST. It is capable of moving its fingers independently, dancing and shaking hands with people by using its 41 joints.
Japan"s ASIMO, an acronym for Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility, was unveiled in 2000 as the world"s most advanced bi-pedal robot.
Through several upgrades, it is now able to spin in the air, bend or twist its torso and maneuver around obstacles in its path.
2005.02.02 View 16334